The following are the main points you should have learned from this chapter:

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  Individual–property–value triples form a flexible, universal representation for relations.

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  Ontologies allow for semantic interoperability and knowledge sharing.

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  OWL ontologies are built from individuals, classes, and properties. A class is a set of real and potential individuals.

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  A top-level ontology allows for a framework where domain ontologies can be designed to interoperate.

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  Data repositories with provenance, based on ontologies, are widely used in modern data-driven science.